The United Nation’s Constitutions’ article 1, Section 6, Clause1 Essay Example for Free

The United Nation’s Constitutions’ article 1, Section 6, Clause1 Essay The following is a discussion on basic principles under the constitution on the above clause. The amendment of the clause was done under amendment 27 – limiting the congressional pay increases. The 27th Amendment which was first proposed on September 25th 1789, as an article of the then Bill of right did not pass since it failed to meet the number of states required. For this reason it sat, without ratification but did not have an expiry date for a period of past 80 years until Ohio ratified it in protest of a congressional pay rise. Â  In 1978, Wyoming ratified it but there still lacked follow-up by the other states and in the early 1980’s Gregory Watson, who was an aide to a Texas legislator, took up the proposal of an amendment’s cause. Â  Between 1983 and 1992, the required number states ratified the amendment, and it was declared a ratified amendment on May 7, 1992. Â  The Article gives all senators and Representatives a right to receive a compensation for their services to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases except Treason (the attempt to overthrow the government of one’s nation), Felony (serious crime such as murder) and Breach of peace be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and coming out of the same, and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place’. This exempted all Senators and Representatives from arrest on their way and out of the House a privilege that helps them attend the house session without interruption as long as the said offences are not in place. It is important for the Representatives and Senators salaries to be got from the United States Treasury something that guarantees that the figures received are well looked into as it is a law already passed and written. This also meant that the senators and representatives may get a increase on their salaries on when the treasury declares and sees that it can afford the funds for the period in question. Â  The clause continues to state that ‘No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the Authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof have been increased during such time, and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of the House during his Continuance in office’. Â  This second part of the clause very clearly disapproves a person who is already appointed to any civil authority becoming a member of the House. At least this way equal chance for people is supported since one can only have one government job at a time. This will make the Senator or the Representative fully dedicated to serving the people since they can only have this as the single source of income from the government. It also forbids any person who is already elected in the House as a senator or representative from ‘benefiting’ from money meant for the civil office. This will result in more transparency as far as the government and funds is concerned. This clause states that the Senators or representatives will be well compensated so this way their needs are well met for the term they happen to be in the house and since they are allowed to enjoy a two term incase they still make it to the house then it becomes the responsibility of a senator or representative as to what they deliver during their term/s.

Language And Reason In History History Essay

Language And Reason In History History Essay Language and reason, two ways of knowing, play important roles in the area of knowledge of history. They are both concerned with the extent to which they provide objective knowledge in history. The role of language in history is to provide a clearly crafted unbiased account of a historical event which is described to people through language, whereas the role of reason in history is to help the reader in order to make rational decisions in evaluating the validity of a historical account. Our first knowledge issue concerns the extent to which the language a historian uses, reflects their own paradigms. A historian must analyse information in the past accounted by other historians in order to gain insight into what has occurred, then pick and choose and organise in accordance with his insight as to what is significant (Abel, 1976, p. 165). As different historians will have differing perspectives about certain events, the history a historian writes about, will be based on his particular interests, which are, in turn, partially dependent on his culture (Alchin, 2006, p. 194). For example, a nationalist Croatian historian writing about the War of Independence in Croatia would hold a very different perspective to a communist Yugoslavian historian recounting the same event. One could argue that communism was not executed properly and therefore encouraged the rise of nationalism which slowly led to the dissolution of Yugoslavia, while the other would claim that communism is an effective sociopolitical structure and the war need not occur. A counter claim of this is that scientists are objective as scientific measurement can be tested independent from the individual scientist who proposes them despite the language they may use. This is because scientific explanations are not as reliant on the use of language because in order for a scientific law to be discovered or proven, experimental results must confirm an initial hypothesis. Therefore scientific explanations are more successful in providing us with objective knowledge. Similarly, another knowledge issue deals with the extent to which historians attempt to be objective. It could be argued that, since the past no longer exists, it cannot be changed and is therefore completely objective. However, as historians evaluate information based on their interpretations of the text through their own paradigms, the interpretation depends not only on the objectivity of the historian writing it but also on the person who reads it. This is evident in Russia in a new middle school history teachers manual by Alexander Filippov, which calls Stalin the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics most successful leader and an effective manager. Filippov believes, that it is wrong to write a textbook that will fill the children learning from it with horror and disgust about their past and their people. And it is why we need to have a generally positive term for the teaching of history in the middle school which will build optimism and self assurance for their young people and m ake them feel as though they can play their part in the bright future of this country (Josefs comeback, 2010). Filippov is not being objective as he is writing positive history influenced by Vladimir Putin, in order for the past events to not seem so daunting on the pupils learning about the history of their country. The implication of this is that Filippov is refraining the children from being able to fully understand and appreciate the events which took place, which has influenced how the country is today. These implications will be still present in one hundred years from now when there will not be any civilians alive who intrinsically know the full extent of Stalins impact on Russia and therefore can not equip the children with truth of events as they will be heavily influenced by the positive history as written in their textbooks. When a text is mistranslated from one language to another, this will hinder the extent of its objectivity. For example, when the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand was translated from English to MÄ ori in 1840, in the MÄ ori text of article one, British translators used the inadequate term kawanatanga, a transliteration of the word governance (Meaning of the treaty, 2010). In the MÄ ori text of article two, British translators used the term rangatiratanga, a transliteration of the word sovereignty. The implication of these mistranslations of the Treaty of Waitangi from English to MÄ ori was that in article one, the English version describes that MÄ ori completely give up their kawanatanga (sovereignty) and power to the British Crown. The MÄ ori version however only implies a sharing of power as they gave the British a right of governance. Another implication is that in article two, in the English version the Queen guaranteed to MÄ ori t he undisturbed possession and control over their lands, forests, fisheries, and other properties, emphasising property and ownership rights. The MÄ ori version however, promises much broader rights in regard to upholding the authority that tribes have always had over their lands and taonga, this implies possession and protection of things such as language and culture (Tourism New Zealand, 1999). There would have been no mistranslation in the Treaty of Waitangi if the British translators had used rangatiratanga in article one of the MÄ ori text and kawanatanga for article two, resulting in the problem of meaning and understanding from the misuse of language. Furthermore, an additional knowledge issue deals with the extent to which reason helps us acquire objective information in history. As the historian never indeed knows all there is to be known about an event, the historian will then select their facts and decide how they will describe them. As a result of this, historical accounts may be confronted, compared, and contrasted, emphasis and bias may be made manifest; evidence may be scrutinised; arguments may be evaluated (Abel, 1976, p. 168). Often a historian will use both deductive and inductive reasoning to draw a conclusion about a historical event. Using these particular methods, a historian can, move from the general to the particular (deduction) and then from the particular to the general (induction), in order to state a conclusion that was previously unknown and help bring us closer to the truth. However, deduction turns out to be no more certain than induction. This is because the premises on which deductive reasoning about th e world is base must be derived from induction. An example of this is that due to the use of fallacies when historians describe historical events in the past they make unwarranted inferences and draw a conclusion from something which does not follow from premises from which they initially drew it. Subsequently objective information is not always acquired. For example, during the witch hunt against communist in the USA in the early 1950s, Senator Joe McCarthys case against one alleged communist was that there is nothing in the files to disprove his communist connection (van de Lagemaat, 2005, p. 127). However, in order to show that someone is a communist; we need positive evidence of their political affiliation. This is because fallacies of this type occur if you attempt to claim that something is true on the grounds that there is no evidence to disprove it (van de Lagemaat, 2005, p. 127). When historians use such fallacies they do not allow the reader to obtain objective knowledge i n history and are therefore not enabling the reader to obtain the inner truth about something. Our last knowledge issue concerns the extent to which vague language can lead to poor reasoning in history. The role of reason in history is to make logical and rational decisions when it comes to evaluating sources and their validity. One of the main reasons of poor reasoning in history is the ambiguity of the language in which the historian describes a historical event. This is because, history is constantly being rewritten, not simply because new facts are discovered, but because it is always perceived by an individual as wrongly written. The past is in a steady process of reinterpretation and reconstruction as we want it to be meaningful to us in the present (Abel, 1976, p. 164). Historians use vague language in order to convey an idea to individuals as they themselves are not consciously aware of what happened in the past as they rely on primary and secondary sources to provide them with the information. In turn, however, there may be more than one true account of the past (Abel , 1976, p. 168), as through the ambiguity of the language used, two historians of opposing views on a particular event could both be providing the reader with true information, but due to the vague language used, it leads to poor reasoning of which the historians are not able to make explicit claims of what occurred. Both the roles of language and reason are important in acquiring the reader with objective information in the area of knowledge of history. Although language and reason differ in the way in which they help the reader obtain this knowledge, they both aim to provide an account which is true. As the reader, we hope that we will obtain a truth which is objective, however inevitably there will be elements of personal paradigms and bias which will hinder the extent to which the information in history is objective. Language and reason play an equally important role in history and as a knower I do not deem one to play a more critical role than the other. In the late 1830s, there were approximately 125,000 MÄ ori in New Zealand and about 2000 settlers. More immigrants were arriving all the time though, and Captain William Hobson was sent to act for the British Crown in the negotiation of a treaty between the Crown and MÄ ori.

The Fathers Rights in Child Custody Issues Essay -- essays research p

The Father's Rights in Child Custody Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States today more than one-half of all marriages end in divorce. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reason why women have typically received custody of the children far more often than the fathers. In order to better understand child custody one must first examine how fathers have often times been left out of the picture, and conversely why mothers have had such hard times raising children on their own. This paper will first examine the perspective of a father who has lost custody of his children. A Fathers Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to many the custody of a child should be determined with the best interest of the child in mind. However, it is not easy for a judge to make such an important decision in such a short amount of time with limited information. Smith (2004) stated that, the simple fact of being a mother does not indicate a willingness or capacity to render a quality of care different than that which a father can provide. Some might argue that what Reynolds (2004) calls deadbeat dads, or in other words fathers who refuse to pay their child support, are often times confused with Turnips, who are ex-spouses who can not afford to pay child support. One example of a turnip is a father who is in prison; he is obviously not making money while he is on the inside. Now an example of a deadbeat dad is when the father is enjoying all the finer things in life and he cannot reach far enough into his...

The Internet, Moral Judgment and Respect :: Free Essays Online

The Internet, Moral Judgment and Respect The Internet has changed the way that many people go about their everyday lives. People are trading stocks, paying bills, checking weather reports, buying cars, and even lining up their Friday night dates via the Internet. It has certainly proved to be a convenient tool for many, but for some musicians it has created a void in their pocketbooks that may take some time to fill. Is the sharing of music files on the Internet our God given right, or is it a simple case of theft? As the 1990’s gave us Seinfeld, Grunge Rock, The Clinton Administration and the Macarena, they also introduced many people around the world to the Internet. The Internet allows clusters of computer networks to be linked together worldwide giving people the ability share information virtually anywhere. Among that shared information includes music files known as MP-3’s. The MP-3 ( MPEG Audio Layer 3) can squeeze a music file to a fraction of its original CD file size with only a slight loss of quality. [1] These files can be sent as attachments to e-mails and played back by the recipient just as if they were listening to the original recording. This seemed like a great way of distributing music over the Internet until a 19-year-old college freshman named Shawn Fanning released a computer program he had just written. He called it "Napster" -- his own nickname (apparently Fanning had issues with shampoo, so his hair was kind of . . . well, you know). [2] This site a llowed its users the ability to search for music and download it to their PC from any other user who happened to be logged on to that site. Imagine millions of files, readily available from your own home with the simple click of a mouse! You’ll never have to purchase another new CD again†¦or will you? Musicians and record companies around the world became growingly concerned with the drastic decline of album sales. How could copyrighted music created by an artist be taken and distributed without the permission of its owner? Isn’t this stealing? One would surely think that a department store would press charges if an individual were caught shoplifting CD’s. A musician makes his/her livelihood from the sale of their music the same way a store makes money from merchandise sales.

Comparing The Rakes Progress and The Threepenny Opera Essay -- Compar

Comparing The Rake's Progress and The Threepenny Opera Upon a first listening to the collaborations of Auden-Kallman/Stravinsky in The Rake's Progress and Brecht/Weill in The Threepenny Opera, the idea that there could be anything in common with the two works might seem to require a great stretch of the imagination. While the 1951 Rake's Progress is clearly neo-classical, and specifically Mozartian, the 1928 Threepenny Opera is as easily termed the precursor to the Broadway musical as it is termed "opera." Closer examination of the collaborators' sources and motivations, however, reveal several striking coincidences. Both operas draw upon eighteenth-century works as their primary sources: The Rake's Progress was conceived after Stravinsky saw the 1745 William Hogarth print-sequence of the same name, and The Threepenny Opera is an adaptation of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, written in 1728. (Incidentally, Hogarth also painted a scene from this enormously popular ballad-opera.) The Threepenny Opera follows the ballad-opera tradition, in that it is a series of songs interspersed with dialogue, not recitative. Each scene, as in The Beggar's Opera, is complete in itself, pertaining to the whole, but not necessarily driving the action of the plot. Stravinsky's initial conception, though not realized, was to write "an Opera with definitely separated numbers connected by spoken (not sung) words of the text, [...] to avoid the customary operatic recitative" (Griffiths 10). Brecht's libretto re ads like a Marxist manifesto, and although The Rake's Progress is by no means overtly Marxist, Auden's "most serious objection to Hogarth's Rake's Progress was based on his reading it as 'a bourgeois parable' [...] he approached Hogarth's pr... .... Eighteenth-Centruy Plays. Ed. Ricardo Quintana. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952. 179-238. Griffiths, Paul with Igor Stravinsky, Robert Craft and Gabriel Josipovici. Igor Stravinsky: The Rake's Progress. Cambridge Opera Handbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982. Lindenberger, Herbert. "Anti-theatricality in Twentieth Century Opera." Modern Drama 44.3 (2001): 300-317. Paulson, Ronald. "Auden, Hogarth, and The Rake's Progress." Raritan: A Quarterly Review 16.2 (1996): 30pp. http://shelley.library.ualberta.ca:8590/mla?sp.nextform=mainfrm. htm&sp. usernumber. Savage, Robert. "Making a Libretto: Three Collaborations over The Rake's Progress." Oedipus Rex / The Rake's Progress. English National Opera Guides: 43. Ed. Nicholas John.London: John Calder Publishers, 1991. 45-58. Stravinsky, Igor and Robert Craft. Memories and Commentaries. London: Faber, 1959.

Of Mice and Men Character Analysis: Loneliness Essay

In Of Mice and Men many characters are lonely or at least act that way. The characters I think are lonely are Lennie, George, Candy, Crooks, and Curley’s Wife. The loneliness in the story is what causes most of the conflict in the story. Everyone in this story is lonely or must have been lonely. I think loneliness is one of the most important parts of this story. Lennie is one of the loneliest characters in the book. He makes friends with animals, he likes to pet them and talk to them even if they are dead. Him being lonely even caused him to get trouble in weed. As a bright side to it, as result he meets his best friend, George, who helps him through the rest of the story. It is truly the best relationship throughout the whole book. Lennie however is still lonely with George. When they get to their new job he gets into even more trouble due to his loneliness; first killing his pup followed by doing the same to Curley’s Wife. Crooks is lonely, however I think he probably most times is just overlooked. No one wants to be with him because of his race. This does take place when there was still segregation. Even his room is set aside from the rest. While everyone sleeps in the bunk house he sleeps out in the stable with the horses. Then one of the only times they spend time with Crooks, in my opinion, was not a pleasurable experience for him. Candy had his dog. Which he must have really liked and he must have had it for a long time because when everyone else was sick of the dog he still kept him around. This is why I think Candy was sad during the duration of the story or before. Eventually he does let go of the dog but he can’t even kill it. Curley’s wife always acts like she is lonely. I say she is most likely acting because there is a possibility that she is the kind of narcissistic person who always needs more and more attention. She is always â€Å"looking for Curley† and she ends up mainly just taking to whoever she finds. She even goes as far as to offer Lennie to feel her hair. At one point at her life she even had the chance to become an actress where she would have been able to reach the maximum level for attention. She had this once in a life time opportunity stripped from her by her mother. That’s why I believe she feels she needs all the attention she actively seeks out. George in the story has only one true friend, Lennie. This friendship is only out of pity, but I don’t think George would purposefully abandon Lennie. George keeps Lennie in good standing with other people and tries to keep him out of trouble. George does get along with the other characters but I don’t think any of them really are a true friendship like what he has with Lennie. The loneliness progress the story like so. Lennnie’s solitude and love to feel soft things causes the accident in Weed with the girl’s dress. George’s seclusion, supervision, and companionship with Lennie grounds George to be entangled with him. Lennie again being desolate makes him ask George for one of Slim’s pups. He kills this pup on accident after it bites him. He is sitting in the barn thinking about what he had done and even talks to the deceased puppy. Curley’s wife finds him in the barn and in a way tries to comfort him. Lennie being the rough person he unfortunately is kills her on accident. All of these events were product of someone feeling alone. As this paper has thoroughly shown most of the characters in Of Mice and Men where lonely and were at one point in their life. All of the conflict originates in someone’s search for attention, love, or friendship. That the main component at the core of the story is loneliness.

Chad Presentation

Population- -The Republic of Chad has a population of 11,525,496. -The population density of Chad is 8 per sq km. (23 per sq mi) Politics/Government- -The Republic of Chad is a Presidential Republic. -The President is Idriss Deby and the Prime Minister is Emmanuel Nadingar. -Over all peaceful. -Has many allied countries. -High tensions with Libya, Nigeria, & The Central African Republic. -Eligible for preferential trades benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. Dominate Religions- -51% Islam -35% Christian -7% Animist -7% OtherCulture- -People are called Chadians. -Chad society/culture unstudied and relatively unknown to the outside world. Major Physical Features- -Landlocked country in north central Africa. -85% size of Alaska. -Lake Chad on western border with Niger & Nigeria. -Sahara Desert in the north. -Lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m. -Highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m. Weather/Climate- -North is arid/ desert. -South is tropical. Brief History- -Earliest hu man/prehuman skull discovered by Michel Brunet in 2002 was beryllium dated to 5 million bce. 900ce Several small states began to form in chad by indigenous africans and a minority of arabs. -Kanem empire originated to the northeast of Lake Chad. -1396ce Bulala invaders from the north forced Kanem people towards Lake Chad. -Kanem people intertwined with the Bornu people near lake chad to be called Kanembu people. -Sayfawa dynasty ruled Kanembu (Kanem-Bornu) people. -Sayfawa dynasty ended in 1846, Then the empire itself fell in 1893. -French first entered Chad in 1891 -Decisive colonial battle for Chad fought on April 22, 1900 at Battle of Kousseri. During WWII Chad was the first french colony to rejoin the allies. (August 26,1940) -Under the administration of Felix Eboue, Chad troops moved to engage axis Libya. -Chadian Democratic Union founded November 1947. -August 11, 1960 Chad became an independent country under the rule of Francois Tombalbaye. -1975 Tombalbaye overthrown and rep laced with prime minister Hissene Habre. -Civil war from 1979-82 split Chad into 11 Factions. -Habre regained power after civil war and kept it until 1990. Idriss Deby, Habre’s leading general defected in 1989 and became president in December 1990. Current Events- -Droughts becoming more and more common in Sahara Desert region. -Flooding near Lake Chad has killed 24 people and left about 70,000 homeless. -Wanted Sudan leader is in Chad hiding out from the International Criminal Court for war crimes. -Red Cross worker recently abducted in Chad now free. Education Availability- -Schools in Chad largely based off of the French education system. -Chad scholars becoming largely known in recent years.