Awareness Of Idhayam Oil Pulling Among Customers

Awareness Of Idhayam Oil Pulling Among Customers Vegetable Oil is a necessity for all the people. Every human being consumes oil day by day. Here is one company called IDHAYAM, the market leader of oil manufacturing product came out with a new idea to enter into health care product. They have explained the method, how to use oil in our mouth this is so called oil pulling therapy. This study is all about to find what is the level of awareness of oil pulling among customers. How do they know the product either by media or by word of mouth and whether have tried the product or not and how long they have been using oil pulling therapy. At the same time there are some benefits out of oil pulling therapy like, to improve oral hygiene and so on. So from this we can find whether they have got the benefits and who are all customers using the therapy continuously? For this I have applied research concepts and conducted a survey to collect the qualitative data to provide how to enhance the awareness if it is low. INTRODUCTION Idhayam is a strong regional brand in the hugely diverse and unorganized edible oil market in India. Indian edible oil market is huge with a consumption of 168 lakh tonnes per year. The market is wide and varied with regional preferences diverse across India. Ground Nut oil is preferred in the Western states in India, Coconut oil and Sesame oil is preferred in the Southern states, Mustard Oil in East and North states, Soya bean oil in Central and North/West states and sunflower oil in most parts of the country. Idhayam is the brand in the sesame oil (Gingelly oil) segment. The brand has a rich heritage of over 60 years. The company came into existence in 1943 and over these years the brand has grown to occupy a major share in the South Indian market. Idhayam brand sells over 13 lakh liters per month Traditionally people use coconut oil; Idhayam is a familiar brand because of the intense promotion by the company. The brand is promoted heavily through television and magazines. The brand uses the famous South Indian Diva Jyothika to endorse the brand. Although the ads are dubbed from Tamil in Malayalam, the heavy and constant bombardment of ads never misses the audience. What is more interesting is the message of the ad. Idhayam means Heart. The brand has its basic values rooted in health platform. I think the brand had this even before the Sunflower brands took over the health positioning. Idhayam is positioned as all-purpose edible oil. The brand talks about low cholesterol content and great taste. The ad also reminds you that the oil is best to apply on hair too. Health + Taste have been the positioning of Idhayam for years now. The company later entered the groundnut oil market with a brand: Mantra Groundnut oil. The success of Idhayam lies in the ability of the company to build the brand. It had been a commodity business but Idhayam added value and now rules this segment. The brand over time has now come out with an innovative marketing strategy Oil Pulling. This is an initiative of the company to pioneer the concept of Oil therapy in the country. Oil Pulling is the method of rinsing the mouth with oil for Twenty minutes by Swishing the oil between the teeth. According to the company reports, this process effectively cures glaucoma and gum diseases. DESIGN OF THE STUDY A brief description of the scientific procedures followed in conducting this study is presented under the following headings: Need for the study Objectives of the study Methodology Sources of data Research instrument NEED FOR THE STUDY The study is conducted to know about the awareness of Idhayam oil pulling practice among customers. There are some simple questions, which helps us to know the need for the study. Whether the customers know about the product? How they came to know about the product, which means which medium helps them to know about the product? Then whether they have tried and how many days they have been using the therapy? Whether they know the therapy/product benefit? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To find out the level of awareness of benefits they have been getting by using the product (oil pulling). To provide the possible recommendations to enhance the product awareness among consumers. METHODOLOGY: A survey was conducted for collecting data from the vertical residential segment, especially where the response for product (oil) is high. Non probability purposive sampling method is used to analyze the data. Almost all areas in Chennai city were covered. A questionnaire was prepared on awareness of oil pulling. Details of the area, contact number and details of each customer/consumer were collected. The survey laid emphasis to the questions about experience of oil pulling and benefits out of oil pulling. All customers/consumers were personally interviewed within the set parameters. Study was done according to the details obtained from managers, consumers and also from the gestures of both. Over a period of 10 days I visited, one area at Chennai per day and at least 30 data per day were collected. Every evening after collecting the data, team members gathered and I have discussed with my group mates about the experiences (both quantity and quality) of the data obtained. Details of further action were planned and report of the day was kept updated. SOURCES OF DATA: Primary data: The sources were mainly from primary data. The summer as I was assigned to collect the fresh data without any references from secondary data. RESEARCH DESIGN: Research simply means a search for facts, answers to questions and solution to problem. It is a purposive investigation, an organized inquiry. It seeks to find explanations to unexplained phenomenon, to clarify the doubtful propositions and to correct the misconceived facts. In order to comply with our objective and test our research hypotheses we design a study based on the effect of corporate social responsibility on the consumer purchase behavior. TYPE OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation. Descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. Descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied. But there are always restrictions to that. Your research must have an impact to the lives of the people around you. Define population: The population for this study is people who are use situated at Chennai and the area for the study conducted is given by the company itself (Areas: Aalandhur, Adhambakkam, Nanganallur, T Nagar, Adyar, Anna nagar). Sample size: Sample size : 100 I have conducted the study and collected the data in that specified area, which was given my organization. Moreover I have collected many responds, in that i have selected 100 samples based on reliability of the data. Sample type: It is non-probability purposive sample type. This type of sample selects the sample members to conform to some criterion. Here I am conducted the study on awareness of oil pulling. So for my convenience i may want to talk only with those who have experienced the therapy. Collection method: The collection method I have used is SURVEY METHOD QUESTIONNAIRE. The questionnaire contains three categories of measurement question: Administrative questions identify the respondents location. Classification questions it usually cover sociological demographic variables that allow participants answers to be grouped so that patterns are revealed and can be studied. Target questions (structured) address the investigative questions of a specific study with a fixed set of choices; often called as closed questions. Instrument type: The instrument type which I have used is interview schedule. Interview schedule which means I have interviewed the people with the help of questionnaire. Proposed analysis: The questionnaire is full of nominal data type; I have used frequencies, means and cross tabulations. COMPANY PROFILE IDHAYAM AN OVERVIEW: Mr. V. V. Vanniaperumal has an exemplary tract record in the business world of Tamil Nadu, south India, since 1943. He had three illustrious sons who built up the business empire in edible sesame oil as traditional family business. Their business base was constructed in the business town Virudhunagar. Mr. V. V. Rajendran, son of Mr. V. V. Vanniaperumal was the founder of the Idhayam group in the year 1986. He, with an experience of more than 43 years launched sesame oil in a new consumer packing in the brand name IDHAYAM. The group was built with the main object of SINCERITY and HARDWORK. COMMITMENT TO QUALITY was their key to success. Mr. V. V. Rajendran passed away in the year 1994 at the age of 65. Being the eldest son, Mr. V. R. Muthu, led his brothers, Mr. V. R. Sathyam and Mr. V. R.Thendral to bring the business to greater heights. Under his leadership, the company moved towards automation in production and packaging, and increased domestic as well as export sales. IDHAYAM, The name gets its origin from Hriday a Sanskrit word, which means Heart. The high unsaturation of sesame oil, due to the presence of almost levels of oleic and linoleic acid along with the natural antioxidant compounds render much favorable health attributes viz., hypocholesterolemic and cardiac friendly heart friendly. Thus, the name IDHAYAM COMPANY VISION: To be a leading and respected company in providing high quality edible oils with worldwide visibility. COMPANY MISSION: We are dedicated to deliver premium quality sesame oil through continuous improvement in quality with an uncompromised level of service, investment in process technology, innovative packaging, human resources and frequent update of RD, striving to achieve worldwide recognition as a leading supplier in the industry. THE BUSINESS: Never compromising on its premium raw materials, the specially, carefully selected seeds are mechanically cleaned. Palm jiggery, which has the properties of preservation, is used in the production of IDHAYAM sesame oil. The company packs and trades sesame oil under three brand names- IDHAYAM, DELT and SIM SIM. Selling 15000 tonnes annually, the company is placed as the leader in sesame oil industry in India. PRODUCTS OF IDHAYAM: SAMBANDHI IN 1992 DOTS APPALAM IN 2001 SWEET COATED SESAME SEEDS IN 2005 IDHAYAM WEALTH IN 2005 IDHAYAM MANTRA IN 2006 IDHAYAM HARDIL IN 2006 IDHAYAM REACH Idhayam sells their products to more than 10 countries with the customer base in USA, gulf countries, Singapore, Canada, Malaysia, Australia, Sri Lanka, UK, Russia, Norway, france, Denmark, south Africa, port Louis, new Zealand, Switzerland, Mauritius and Scotland. Over the years IDHAYAM has proven themselves to be the preferred supplier of edible oils. SESAME OIL VEDIC EXCELLANCE: Sesame Seed Oil has been used as healing oil for thousands of years. Sesame oil is mentioned in the Vedas as excellent for humans. It is naturally antibacterial for common skin pathogens, such as staphylococcus and streptococcus as well as common skin fungi, such as athletes foot fungus. It is naturally antiviral. It is a natural anti-inflammatory agent. RELEIF FROM DANDRUFF: Used after exposure to wind or sun it will calm the burns. It nourishes and feeds the scalp to control dry scalp dandruff and to kill dandruff causing bacteria. It protects the skin from the effects of chlorine in swimming pool water. Used before and after radiation treatments, sesame seed oil helps neutralize the flood of oxygen radicals, which such treatment inevitably causes. MEDICAL USES: Used after exposure to wind or sun it will calm the burns. It nourishes and feeds the scalp to control dry scalp dandruff and to kill dandruff causing bacteria. It protects the skin from the effects of chlorine in swimming pool water. Used before and after radiation treatments, sesame seed oil helps neutralize the flood of oxygen radicals, which such treatment inevitably causes. In recent experiments in Holland by Ayurveda physicians, the oil has been used in the treatment of several chronic disease processes, including hepatitis, diabetes and migraines. In vitro, sesame seed oil has inhibited the growth of malignant melanoma (a skin cancer): PROSTAGLANDIN LEUKATRINES and ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS 46: 145-150, 1992. Also in vitro, sesame seed oil has inhibited replication of human colon cancer cells: ANTI CANCER RESEARCH 11: 209-216, 1992. EFFECT OF OIL BATH: On the skin, oil soluble toxins are attracted to sesame seed oil molecules, which can then be washed away with hot water and a mild soap. Internally, the oil molecules attract oil soluble toxins and carry them into the blood stream and then out of the body as waste. Used as a douche mixed with warm water, the oil controls vaginal yeast infections. Sesame seed oil absorbs quickly and penetrates through the tissues to the very marrow of the bone. It enters into the blood stream through the capillaries and circulates. The liver does not sweep sesame seed oil molecules from the blood, accepting those molecules as friendly. Sesame seed oil helps joints keep their flexibility. It keeps the skin supple and soft. It heals and protects areas of mild scrapes, cuts and abrasions. It helps tighten facial skin, particularly around the nose, controlling the usual enlargement of pores as skin ages chronologically. AS AN ANTI-OXIDANT: Research shows that sesame seed oil is a potent antioxidant. In the tissues beneath the skin, this oil will neutralize oxygen radicals. It penetrates into the skin quickly and enters the blood stream through the capillaries. Molecules of sesame seed oil maintain good cholesterol (HDL) and lower bad cholesterol (LDL). Sesame seed oil is a cell growth regulator and slows down cell growth and replication. In both the small intestine and the colon, some cells are nourished by fat instead of sugar. The presence of sesame seed oil can provide those cells with essential nourishment. THOUGHT FOR TEENS: Teen boys and girls have learned, wrongly, that all oil is bad for their facial skin. Heavy oils and toxic oils and creams are bad for all facial skin. But sesame seed oil is the one oil which is actually good for young skin. It helps control eruptions and neutralizes the poisons which develop both on the surface and in the pores. With sesame oil, no cosmetics are needed. The oil will cause young facial skin to have and display natural good health. EXPERIEMENTAL RESULTS: In an experiment at the Maharishi International College in Fairfield, Iowa, students rinsed their mouths with sesame oil, resulting in an 85% reduction in the bacteria, which causes gingivitis. As nose drops, sniffed back into the sinuses, sesame seed oil has cured chronic sinusitis. As a throat gargle, it kills strep and other common cold bacteria. It helps sufferers of psoriasis and dry skin ailments. It has been successfully used in the hair of children to kill lice infestations. It is a useful natural UV protector. GOOD FOR BABIES: On the skin, oil soluble toxins are attracted to sesame seed oil molecules, which can then be washed away with hot water and a mild soap. Internally, the oil molecules attract oil soluble toxins and carry them into the blood stream and then out of the body as waste. Used as a douche mixed with warm water, the oil controls vaginal yeast infections. Sesame seed oil absorbs quickly and penetrates through the tissues to the very marrow of the bone. It enters into the blood stream through the capillaries and circulates. The liver does not sweep sesame seed oil molecules from the blood, accepting those molecules as friendly. Sesame seed oil helps joints keep their flexibility. It keeps the skin supple and soft. It heals and protects areas of mild scrapes, cuts and abrasions. It helps tighten facial skin, particularly around the nose, controlling the usual enlargement of pores as skin ages chronologically. BAD TEETH EQUAL BAD HEART: PEOPLE with more bacteria in their mouths also have more evidence of heart disease, researchers said on Monday in a study strengthening the evidence for a link between gum disease and heart diseases. The study of 657 people who had no history of stroke or heart attack showed that people with more bacteria that cause periodontal disease also had thicker carodit arteries a strong indicator of clogged blood vessels. In the American Heart Associations journal Circulation, the team at Columbia University in New York said the association held even when other heart risk factors were taken into account. This is the most direct evidence yet that gum disease may lead to stroke or cardiovascular disease said Dr.Moise Desverieux at Columbia University Medical Center, who led the study. And because gum infections are preventable and treatable, taking care of your oral health could very well have a significant impact on your cardiovascular health. WHAT IS OIL PULLING? Our ancestors practiced oil pulling (swishing with oil) many centuries ago. Over the years, the importance of oil pulling lost its significance. However, it is an excellent and very easy method to follow even in these modern times to keep our mouth, teeth and gums clean, strong and healthy. Every morning on waking up, on an empty stomach, take 5 to 10 ml. of unadulterated oil in your mouth. Close your mouth and swish and swirl the oil in such a way that the oil passes through all the gaps between the teeth. By doing this for 15 to 20 minutes, the oil in the mouth turns whitish and frothy. This has to be spat out. Then wash your mouth with clean water. This is the way to do oil pulling. The ideal time to do oil pulling is in the morning hours. However, for those whom doing it in the morning is not convenient, they may also do oil pulling at night before going to bed. BENEFITS OF OIL PULLING: During oil pulling, the oil in the mouth, surrounds the bacteria in the mouth and prevents respiration of the bacteria. This makes the bacteria inactive. The oil when kept in the mouth for a while mixes with the saliva and turns into an emulsified oil. Further, the bicarbonates in the saliva mix with the emulsified oil and change into a week soapy solution. This soapy solution kills and washes away the inactivated bacteria. Thus, disorders and diseases that could have been caused by the bacteria in the mouth are prevented. This soapy solution neither harms the soft buccal tissues nor causes any side effects. If sesame oil is used for oil pulling, the benefits of the oil pulling are enhanced because of the medicinal properties of sesame oil. It prevents tooth decay, bleeding gums, bad breath and dryness of throat. Sesame oil heals cuts and wounds in the soft buccal tissues and chapped and cracked lips also. It strengthens the teeth, gums and jaws. Not only that there are lot more benefits like we can avoid sleeplessness, which means if we use the therapy we could be able to have a nice sleep at night. DATA ANALYSIS A STUDY ON AWARENESS OF IDHAYAM OIL PULLING AMONG CUSTOMERS Name: Gender: Male/Female Area of location: Occupation: BUSINESS/WORKING/RETIRED/OTHERS Contact no: Marital status: Education: Income: 1) Age? 2) Do you know what oil pulling/oil pulling therapy is? Yes No (If your answer is YES, then go further. Otherwise go to Q18) 3) Which medium helped you to know about oil pulling? Media ads Doctors Word of mouth 4) Have you ever tried oil pulling therapy? Yes No If no, what is your reason? (After answering this go to Q16) Difficulty to spend the time to try Not clear about the product/benefits 5) How many days you have been using oil pulling therapy? 5 Months 6) Is there anybody else using oil pulling at your home? Yes No 7) Why you are using oil pulling? To cure/avoid (below stated are the benefits out of oil pulling) Mouth related infections (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Sleeplessness (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Face pimples (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Throat infection (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) None (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Other benefits specify à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 8) Have you got the benefit that which what you mentioned in Q6 as your reason for using oil pulling Yes No 9) Are you able to find the product from the nearer retailer store? Yes No 10) How do you feel about the advertisement? The advertisements are attractive The advertisements provides adequate information The contents of the advertisements can be improved 11) Are the advertisements provide you the oil pulling relevant benefit information? Yes No If No, in what way the advertisements are not providing you the relevant information? In the way of Benefits Product knowledge Methods to use 12) Are you still using the therapy? Yes No if no, then reasons for stop using it 13) To whom you recommend to use oil pulling therapy? Family Relatives Friends None 14) Reasons for unawareness. No knowledge of product No knowledge of benefits 15) If you know the product and its benefits, would you like to try the therapy? Yes No 16) Suggestions? @@@ THANK YOU FOR YOUR FEEDBACK @@@ GENDER: Statistics Gender N Valid 100 Missing 0 Gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid MALE 67 67.0 67.0 67.0 FEMALE 33 33.0 33.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 INFERENCE: From the total sample size of 100, 67 peoples are male and the remaining people of 33 are female. OCCUPATION: Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percept N Percept N Percept Gender * Occupation 100 100.0% 0 .0% 100 100.0% Gender * Occupation Cross tabulation Count Occupation Total BUSINESS WORK RETIRED OTHERS Gender MALE 8 38 9 12 67 FEMALE 2 8 0 23 33 Total 10 46 9 35 100 INFERENCE: In my sample of 100, there were 67 of male and 33 of female. Out of which 46 (38 male 8 female) were working people who have been using the therapy and rest were business and retired peoples. So from this I can say that the working people are the large number of users of therapy. AGE/AGE COMPARISON (TRIED AND STILL USING PEOPLE): Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percept N Percept N Percept Age * Occupation 100 100.0% 0 .0% 100 100.0% Age * Occupation Cross tabulation Count Occupation Total BUSINESS WORK RETIRED OTHERS Age 20-30 yrs. 0 7 0 20 27 30-40 yrs. 5 17 0 9 31 40-50 yrs. 3 15 1 3 22 Above 50 yrs. 2 7 8 3 20 Total 10 46 9 35 100 Age * Gender Cross tabulation Count Gender Total MALE FEMALE Age 20-30 yrs. 13 14 27 30-40 yrs. 20 11 31 40-50 yrs. 16 6 22 Above 50 yrs. 18 2 20 Total 67 33 100 INFERENCE: In our sample size of 100, there were totally 67 male and 33 female, out of which 31 were in between 30-40 yrs. Which means this age group got the highest users of oil pulling therapy and in that 31, 20 were male and 11 was female. AGE WISE TRIED PEOPLE: Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Try * Still using * Age 24 24.0% 76 76.0% 100 100.0% Try * Still using * Age Cross tabulation Count Age Still using Total YES NO 20-30 yrs. Try YES 2 6 8 Total 2 6 8 30-40 yrs. Try YES 2 4 6 Total 2 4 6 40-50 yrs. Try YES 5 5 Total 5 5 Above 50 yrs. Try YES 4 1 5 Total 4 1 5 INFERENCE: The total of 100, only 24 were tried the therapy. In that the age group who has been still using the therapy is above 50 yrs. KNOWN AND TRIED PEOPLE: Statistics Know Try N Valid 100 41 Missing 0 59 Know Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid YES 41 41.0 41.0 41.0 NO 59 59.0 59.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 INFERENCE: The graph shows that 41 number of peoples were know about the therapy and in that 24 were tried the therapy and used by them. Try Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid YES 24 24.0 58.5 58.5 NO 17 17.0 41.5 100.0 Total 41 41.0 100.0 Missing System 59 59.0 Total 100 100.0 INFERENCE: The people who have tried the therapy are about 24 and the remaining was not aware of the therapy. Medium: Statistics Medium N Valid 41 Missing 59 Medium Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid MEDIA 31 31.0 75.6 75.6 WORD OF MOUTH 10 10.0 24.4 100.0 Total 41 41.0 100.0 Missing System 59 59.0 Total 100 100.0 INFERENCE: The graph shows that the people who know about the therapy as well as product through media, this medium plays a vital role to make them aware. TRIED PEOPLE FOR WHAT PURPOSE: Case Processing Summary Cases Included Excluded Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Try * Purpose 24 24.0% 76 76.0% 100 100.0% Report Try Purpose Mean N Std. Deviation MOUTH RELATED 1.0000 17 .00000 PIMPELS 1.0000 3 .00000 NONE 1.0000 4 .00000 Total 1.0000 24 .00000 INFERENCE: From the report we came to know that the therapy is make use only for mouth related (mouth ulcers) infections. TRIED PEOPLE AND STILL USING THE THERAPHY: Case Processing Summary Cases Included Excluded Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Try * Still using 24 24.0% 76 76.0% 100 100.0% Report Try Still using Mean N Std. Deviation YES 1.0000 8 .00000 NO 1.0000 16 .00000 Total 1.0000 24 .00000 INFERENCE: When the customers don find any benefit then there is some chances of not sticking with the product. PURPOSE AND NO OF DAYS: Case Processing Summary Cases Included Excluded Total N Percent N Percent N

Abolitionism †African American Essay

With abolition is found the gateway towards freedom. The African American influence in this area was of great authority especially in rural districts such as Lancaster and Chester Counties (Pennsylvania). In these groups sometimes the blacks worked alone and sometimes they partnered with whites. With this movement, African Americans used brute force to gain what they wanted (Bordewich, 138). Abolitionism was a great aid in spearheading the rights of blacks serving as soldiers. The abolitionism movement was fueled with evangelical religion, which deemed slavery as a sin. With this motto, members of the movement (both white and black) demanded that slavery be done away with, and terminated completely (Glatthaar, 15). The abolition movement is one in which its essential existence is tied integrally with that of African Americans, for it is their freedom which is at stake and is the goal of the movement. In the abolition movement is found the beginnings of the Anti-Slavery Society that has this as its constitution, This Society shall aim to elevate the character and condition of the people of color, by encouraging their intellectual, moral and religious improvement, and by removing public prejudice, that thus they may, according to their intellectual and moral worth, share an equality with the whites, of civil and religious privileges; but this Society will never, in any way, countenance the oppressed in vindicating their rights by resorting to physical force. Here is established the beating heart of the movement, to liberate the black community, and restore to them their God-given rights as humans to live freely, without adversity, without a fundamental challenge to their worth as part of humanity. Conclusion The myriad of influences the African American culture and people had on the Civil War is vast in its subjects, from black soldiers, the abolitionists, to their role in religion, African Americans have proven that their participation in the Civil War is essential. Black soldiers were only given praise and trustworthiness after they had proven themselves in the field of battle as equal compatriots to the Northern white soldier. During the clandestine times of the Underground Railroad, African Americans showed their dedication, and their strength of will through traveling thousands of miles to be free, and then they traversed the same paths in order to allow for other fugitives to find their way to the North. In Frederick Douglass there was found a man who stood for what he believed, not only in speech, but also in action. His deliberate animosity to ignorance in owning slaves helped to fuel the fires of the abolition movement, and thus the public awareness and knowledge of what slavery truly is: a vile creature, distorted with hate, and allowed to live only through dictatorship, and autocracy. McPherson states of the Civil War, â€Å"The Lincoln administration and the Republican press, even antislavery newspapers such as the new York Tribune, declared emphatically that the purpose of the war was the restoration of the Union, and that the issues of slavery and the Negro had nothing to do with the conflict† (22). Without the establishment of the Underground Railroad, the Abolitionist movement, and the fight for freed blacks to become soldiers, the Civil War would not hold for a history about the emancipation of a race, but the unification of a country instead. The ultimate influence that the African Americans had in the Civil War was their participation in all aspects of it; they were not going to be denied their human right to be their own masters, and without their voices and contributions in the war, slavery might not be an old issue. Without the personal stories of African Americans such as Frederick Douglass then the war would be empty of freedom. As McPherson quotes of Susie King Taylor, In this ‘land of the free’ we are burned, tortured, and denied a fair trial, murdered for any imaginary wrong conceived in the brain of the negro-hating white man. There is no redress for us from a government which promised to protect all under its flag. It seems a mystery to me. They say, ‘One flag, one nation, one country indivisible. ’ Is this true? Can we say this truthfully, when one race is allowed to burn, hang, and inflict the most horrible torture weekly, monthly, on another? No, we cannot sing, ‘My country, ‘t is of thee, Sweet land of Liberty’! It is hollow mockery. The Southland laws are all on the side of the white, and they do just as they like to the negro, whether in the right or not†¦(313). African Americans made this their war. Through fortitude and strength of will, they placed their faith in the decency of the Northern states and abolitionists to see the truth of the hate and prejudice in the country. The Civil War would not be about freedom, and the extraction of the activity of slavery in America if not for African Americans. African Americans paved the way for their own rebellion by speaking up, by acting, by using their talents in the field of battle and fighting for themselves, for liberation, for their sisters, brothers, mothers, and fathers. Without the influence of African Americans, the Civil War would have been just about unification. Work Cited Bordewich, Fergus M.Bound for Canaan. The Underground Railroad and the War for The Soul of America. HarperCollins, New York. 2005. Elkins, Stanely. Slavery. University of Chicago Press. 1976. Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. The Free Press. New York, 1991. McPherson, James M. The Negro’s Civil War. Pantheon Books. New York, 1965. McPherson, James M. Ordeal by Fire. McGraw Hill. New York. 2001 Tracy, O. 2005. http://www. teacheroz. com/index. htm.

Lathe Characteristics Essay

The Lathe is the father of all machines tools and is recorded in the early history of many races. As interchangeable manufacturing and mass production principles were developed, it became necessary to create machine tools capable of producing parts in large quantities. This report aims to consider five different â€Å"Types of Lathe† in relation to their manufacturing application, as well as, comparative of important aspects for manufacturing and mass production. It will concentrate on the traditional centre lathe and its development into: production lathes. Definitions, graphs and figures are also included in this report. 1.1.1. – According to the instructions given by Michael Thomas (Module Leader), for â€Å"Manufacturing and Basic Materials† at University of Glamorgan School of Technology, this report has been required and set up as a part of the final assessment. 1.1.2. – The proposal of this report considering five different â€Å"Types of Lathe† in relation to their manufacturing application. 1.1.3. – This report has been assessed and written by Victor Martinez-Perez â€Å"First Year Student of BEng (Hons) Mechanical Engineering at the University of Glamorgan-Pontypridd, Wales 1.2. -PROCEDURES Research for this report was conducted in two ways: 1.2.1. Research from lecture notes and reference books. 1.2.2. Research on the Internet. 1.3. – TOPICS COVERED This report it will concentrate on the traditional centre lathe and its development into: production lathes, in relation to their manufacturing application. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Man has always tried to find ways of making manual tasks easier and businessman methods to reduce manpower, speed production and lower operating costs. The Lathe is the father of all machines tools and is recorded in the early history of many races, when, equipped with a fixed tool-rest, it was used for woodturning. For its development to the form in which it is known it today, Henry Maudsley (1797) developed the slide rest lathe, allowing people to turn large pieces of metal very quickly and with exact precision. To many people it was regarded as the most important development in the production of machine tools [1]. As interchangeable manufacturing and mass-production principles were developed, it became necessary to create machine tools capable of producing parts in large quantities. Today an Engine Lathe can be defined as a power-driven, general-purpose machine tool used for producing cylindrical work-pieces. As the piece of metal to machine is rotated in the lathe, a single point cutting tool is advanced radially into the workpiece at a specified depth and moved longitudinally along the axis of the workpiece removing metal in the form of chips. By using attachments and accessories other operations may be performed [4]. Lathes are used to produce circular, conical, flat or  sphericall components. [13] Common external lathe processes: facing, straight turning, taper turning, threading. Common internal lathe processes: drilling, boring, internal straight and taper turning, countersinking, counter boring, reaming, tapping and threading The progress in the design of the basic engine lathe and its related machines has been responsible for the development and production of thousands of products we use every day. 3. TYPES OF LATHES, COMPONENTS AND OPERATORS 3.1. CENTRE LATHE The engine lathe is generally used for machining individual parts to the required specifications. Some of the common operations performed on a lathe are: facing, taper turning, parallel turning, thread cutting, knurling, boring, drilling, and reaming. [4] An engine lathe is shown diagrammatically in (Figure-1): it consists of a horizontal bed supporting the headstock, the tailstock and the carriage. All machine tools must have a means of supporting or holding the workpiece. The tailstock can be clamped at various positions along the bed to accommodate workpieces of various lengths. Short workpieces need only be gripped by the chuck. Figure-1 The basic lathe requires a skilled operator and the quality of work produced will depend on his/her care and attention. For production work it is desirable to eliminate the possibility of variation and error, and to this end mechanical stops are often fitted to the carriage to allow accurate return to position and also to disengage power feeds when the required cut  is completed. [4] The capstan lathes are ideal for manufacture of simple and complex turned parts, both from bar and blanks. The blanks can be preturned, forged or cast. 3.2. PRODUCTION LATHES Production Lathes are generally used when a large number of duplicate parts must be produced. Capstan and Turret Lathes, Single-Spindle Automatic Lathes, and the CNC Lathe are the common machines in this group. 3.2.1.Capstan and Turret Lathes Capstan and Turret Lathes are essentially similar in their general arrangement and operation. They differ in many ways from the centre lathes. They are more rigidly constructed, more powerful and have shorter and more rigid beds. There is no compound slide and the tool post is usually a four-way turret mounted directly on the front of the cross slide. The rear of the cross-slide also carries a simple tool post for the parting off tool when working from the bar. An indexing turret replaces the tailstock and it is this turret that carries the majority of the tooling. The tooling is pre-set and the turret can be indexed, or rotated to bring each tool into position, as it is required. 3.2.1.1. The Capstan Lathe is the smaller and most frequently used for bar work fitted with a collet chuck. Its turret is carried on a separate sub-bed that can be clamped at any point along the main bed. The clamping is more rigid and permanent as the sub-bed is only set infrequently. The turret turns automatically from station to station. The turret slide is fitted with adjustable stops, which limit its motion towards the headstock. The operator does not have to carry out any measuring processes but merely feeds the tool into the work until the stop prevents further movement. The tool is then withdrawn manually and the net tool is used. The stop is automatically changed as each new tool is indexed into position. 3.2.1.2. The Turret Lathe is larger and heavier and is used for machining large castings. It is the next development in the provision of a production machine for use by an unskilled operator. The turret lathe is usually fitted with pneumatically or manually operated chucks or special turning fixture to hold the workpiece. The main difference with the capstan lathe is that the turret is mounted on a carriage that slides directly on the main bed of the machine. Indexing is not automatic but is performed manually after unlocking the turret. In this the cross slide is simplified, and provided with a single inverted tool post at the rear and a square indexing turret carrying up to four tools is fitted at the front. A numbered drum of stops is provided for longitudinal and transverse motions. All that is required of the operator is that he/she indexes turret and drum, and moves the carriage to the preset stop. On some turret lathes, as many as 20 different tools can be mounted on a ram or saddle-type turret, and each tool may be rotated into position quickly and accurately. Once the tools have been set, each part is quickly and accurately produced. [8] 3.2.2. CNC Lathe. A computer numerical control (CNC) (figure 2) machine is one of the latest modifications of the basic engine lathe and it is a NC machine with the added feature of an on board computer. Figure 2.- CNC Lathe This lathe controlled by numerical tape is used primarily for tuning operations and can economically and automatically produce shafts of almost any shape. This lathe can outperform most types of lathes and provides savings in tooling, set-up and cycle time. By the term numerical control, we mean that a machine tool can be operated automatically by means of a medium (a paper tape). The tool will do only what it is told to do by the tape that is fed into the machine. But the term computer numerical control (CNC) refers to a computer that is joined to an N/C machine. This makes the machine more versatile because now we can store  information in a memory bank, with retains what is on the N/C tape and repeats it without the tape having to be rewound each time. You can also program a job manually, stop by step, directly on the machine; this is called manual data input. In both cases you can now make a new tape or change what is in the memory bank by making a new tape. This costs more, but the operator now has greater flexibility in producing the part. For example if a tool gets dull you can manually change the feed of the speed of the cutter to maintain a smooth cut. The cutter can therefore cut up to 10 more parts before an operator has to change the tool. This increases the number of parts per tool and reduces the downtime of a machine, which is very profitable. If a company needs to add or delete sections of a part for revisions or updating can do it by pressing two to four buttons. In a CNC lathe the drives of the hand wheels of the conventional lathe have been substituted to allow their control of slide positions by the computer. This opens up the possibility of generating unlimited variety of profiles using continuous positions control of the slides. [3] This can then be extended by the installation of tool turrets under computer control, and a computer controlled turret on longitudinal and transverse slide ways replacing the tailstock. Since provision has no longer to be made for a human operator, the machine can be made more compact and complex. The bed can be redesigned and placed at a slope to allow improved flow of coolant. Driven spindles may be incorporated into the tool turrets, enabling milling and drilling operations to be carried out, and allowing complex parts to be produced complete in one operation. 3.2.3. Single-Spindle Automatic Lathe. This lathe differs from the capstan in that the turret revolves about a horizontal pivot instead of about a vertical axis. It will also possess several radial tool slides used for forming and parting tools. This lathe is particularly popular as a first operation machine fed with bar stock, using a magazine type bar feeder. Produce in small (figures 6 and 7)  and medium quantities. It is designed to turn small parts normally used in cameras, electronic gadgets, spray guns, hydraulic & pneumatic and fittings, cable glands, etc, made out of aluminium, brass or mild steel. These can also produce automobile-related parts, like pistons, rings, valve guides, shafts, ejector pins, etc. Some work examples are shown below. The control of the machining cycle no longer rests with the operator, but is controlled by the machine itself usually by cam-actuated motions. 4. WORK HOLDING AND TOOL SYSTEMS 4.1. WORK HOLDING The chuck is the most common method of work holding. (Figure-8). The chuck has either three or four jaws and is mounted on the end of the main spindle. A three-jaw chuck is used for gripping cylindrical workpieces when the operation to be performed is such, that the machined surface is concentric with the work surfaces. The jaws have a series of teeth that mesh with spiral grooves on a circular plate within the chuck. This plate can be rotated by the key inserted in the square socket, resulting in simultaneous radial motion of the jaws. Since the jaws maintain an equal distance from the chuck axis, cylindrical workpieces are automatically centred when gripped. With the four-jaw chuck, each jaw can be adjusted independently by rotating the radially mounted threads screws. Although accurate mounting of a workpiece can be quite time consuming, a four-jaw chuck is often necessary for non-cylindrical workpieces. For very complicated shapes a circular faceplate can be used. The faceplate has radial slots that provide a means of bolting the workpiece to the faceplate. For small lathes for work on material provided in bar form, collets are often used. These collets are effectively split sleeves that fit snugly over the  workpiece and have a taper on their outer surface. Drawing the collet into a matching tapered hole in the end of the spindle has the effect of squeezing the collet and gripping the workpiece. For accurate turning operation or in cases where the work surface is not exactly cylindrical, the workpiece can be turned between centres. (Figure-9). Initially the workpiece has a conical centre hole drilled at each en to provide location for the lathe centres. Before supporting the workpiece between the centres (one in the headstock and one in the tailstock), a dog (a clamping device) is secured at the headstock end. The dog is arranged so that the tip is inserted in a slot in the drive plate mounted on the main spindle, ensuring that the workpiece will rotate with the spindle. [11] In the collet chuck, there is a spring collet split at its front end. The work is first clamped by making the collet close upon the workpiece by means of a nut. Face plates are used for irregular shapes. A faceplate has radially place slots, which allow the workpiece to be clamped to it by means of bolts Although similar forms of work holding are used as for traditional machines they are automated and may have locating systems incorporated into them. Automation of chuck closure can be achieved by mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic actuation. 4.2. TOOL HOLDING It is often the case that the most difficult stage in manufacturing a product is working out how to hold a billet of material while it is machined. The tool must not foul the working holding system. The work holding system must not get in the way of the machining operations. [6] Lathe cutting tools are generally held by two methods:  · In tool holders, which provide rigidity when holding the cutting tool.  · In tool posts: which provide a means of holding either a toolholder or a cutting tool Standard The toolpost usually supplied with a centre lathe is the standard or round type (Figure-10). This toolpost, which fits into the T-slot of the compounds rest, provides a means of holding and adjusting a toolholder or a cutting tool. A concave ring and wedge provide a means of adjusting the cutting tool height. Turret type or four-way toolpost Turret type or four way tool post (Figure-11) are designed to hold four cutting tools, which can be easily indexed for use as requires, Several operations, such as tuning, grooving, threading, and parting may be performed on a workpiece by loosening the locking handle and rotating the holder until the desired tool bit is in the cutting position. This reduces the set-up time for various too/bits, and thus increasing production. Quick-change tool holder These are made in different styles to accommodate different types of cutting tools. Each holder is dovetailed (Figure-12) and fits on a dovetailed toolpost, which is mounted on the compound rest. The tool is held in position by a set of screws. After a tool becomes dull, the holder and the tool may be replaced with another preset unit. This is useful where many parts of one size are being machined since the cutting point on the toolbit, having been preset in the tool room, is in exactly the same position as the tool it replaces. Each toolholder fits onto the dovetail on the toolpost and is locked in position by means of a clamp. A knurled nut on each holder provides vertical adjustment. The main difference between traditional tool holding and CNC tool holding is the use of presetting. This can be achieved in a number of ways such as tooling held in locatable tool holder, Block tooling and changeable tool/tip elements. Tool presetting systems use special presetting fixtures of possible co-ordinate measuring systems. Once the tool has been mounted into the turret proving systems can be used to account for small inaccuracies in setting in addition to tool wear. 5. THE SETTING UP AND/OR PROGRAMMING OF THE LATHE The best lathe in the world is going to function poorly unless it’s correctly set up in the first instance. Even a new lathe will not cut parallel unless it’s levelled properly, and the surface finish that can be achieved will be much improved by reducing vibrations transmitted to the work and tool from the motor and lathe gearing. As well if the lathe has been installed for some considerable time it’s worth going through the test procedures to check its alignment. None of the procedures involved are particularly complex, and it doesn’t require expensive tools to get a good end result The process of setting the lathe up is a logical one, and the first step is to check that the foundation is as level as you can possibly get it. Secondly correct twist in the bed is a simple matter of adjusting the jacking screws on the raising blocks, or by placing shims beneath the feet of the lathe – such adjustments being carried out at the tailstock end. Setting Up cutting tool The cutting tool must be set up at he correct height. If it is set too high then the tool will rub against the workpiece, generating heat and a poor surface finish and blunting the cutting tool edge. If the cutting tool is set too low then the workpiece will be pulled over the top of the cutting  tool and will damage the cutting tool or pull the workpiece from the chunk. The severity of the problem will be determined by the forces involved, which are related to the height above or below the workpiece centre and the materials, feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut that are involved. The cutting tool must also be held tightly in the tool-post, using all available clamping screws. The cutting tool should not extend further than is necessary from the tool-post, as this increases the risk of vibration, resulting in damage to the cuttings tool and poor surface finish and tolerance. CAD/CAM links The wide use of CAD systems has led to major developments in the generation of CNC programs. The computer â€Å"knows† de geometry that the designer has defined. It stores the values of the equations of the lines and circles, etc in its memory. This means that the geometry can be transferred to the CAM program which adjusts the sizes produced by the designer to produce a new set of geometry to define the cuter path needed to make the part. Someone thus has to define which cutter; feed rate and spindle speed will be used. These are technology decisions usually made by the manufacturing engineer how has to take into consideration the strength of the workpiece material, the clamping and the amount of material to be removed. It is now a usual practice to download the geometry specified by the designer and then to process this into a machining program. This can save considerable amount of time and also prevents errors that the programmer can make when doing calculations and retype the dimensions into the computer. It does also place the responsibility for the product shape upon the designer. The drawing must be free of errors, as it will be followed faithfully by the CAM system. Unfortunately the machine tool builders have not agreed a universal standard for the machine language. This forces companies to use post processors to translate from the ISO CL file CAM output, into the particular machine tool language. Similarly CAD systems have their own individual formats and the International Graphic Exchange Standard has been established to enable companies to exchange CAD information across different systems. A widespread of this is used by Auto CAD, DXF format and most CAM systems will accept a DXF or IGES files as an input. [10] Editing facilities enhances the utilisation of the machine considerable as programmes may be copied to enable several parts to be made from one piece of material and kits of parts may be made at one setting on the machine. 6. THE MEASURING GAUGING SYSTEM Thanks to the advances in technology, machines have been developed which are capable of producing workpieces to extremely fine tolerances. As a result, measuring tools and equipment had to be upgraded to measure the closer tolerances accurately. The need for accurate measurement was necessary because of interchangeable manufacture, where parts produced in one part may be assembled with parts from another plant or even another country. [12] Using a centre a thorough the inspection is a must although accuracy of the workpiece required would determine the type of measuring tools which should be used. [4] A hook rule is very convenient for measuring the size of a workpiece. Inside callipers will be used to measure the diameter of holes or the width of key ways and slots and then will be transferred to a micrometer. A micrometer may be used to measure the shaft of the work in a machine. Vernier callipers are used to measure with precision. Plug gauges are also used to measured holes. Dial indicators are used to check the alignment of machine tools, fixtures and work pieces prior to machining 7. ECONOMIC ASPECTS In any engineering operation, the economics of cost of operation plays a vital role in determining the rate or speed of operation. If we cut the unwanted material at a very slow speed, the completion time of the operation would increase. And with it the cost of labour, the cost of machine operation, and the overhead costs and make the operation costlier. If the same operation were done at very high speed, the wear of cutting tool would be accelerated. The operator will have to change the tool more often and, consequently will have to regrind the tool and reset it on the machine more frequently. Thus will increase the tool cost, the tool resetting cost and machine down-time. The effect of speed on various costs is illustrated in (Figure-13), which shows that only at some particular speed the operation is most economical. [9] The approach to automation depends heavily on the volume of production. Usually three categories are used in describing the volume of production: mass production involving more than 1 million components per year, large-batch production and small batch-production less than a few hundred in each production run. A numerically controlled machine where the operator is replaced by feedback control equipment, containing the various instructions are generally economical for the machining of those medium components that are required in small batches and that do not need a wide variety of machining operations using different tool systems and different positions of the workpiece. Complex components are expensive because they have considerable material value and generally require a large amount of machining. For this components the most economical is to choose a machine where in a variety of machining functions are integrated. For instance the ASS. Mr. After Debarr [12] compared manufacturing costs for various systems quantitatively. This comparison is presented in (Figure-14) and shows how  the choice of systems depends to a large extent on batch size. It is clear that manual systems are only justified for the smallest batches and that numerical control is likely to be economic for a wide range of small and medium batch production. Accuracy and surface finish must to be taken into consideration as well when costs are concerned and is therefore necessary to take into account the function intended for the machined surface. The specification of too-close tolerances or too-smooth surfaces is of the major ways a designer can add unnecessary costs. As a guide to de difficulty of machining to within required tolerances it can be stated as:  · Tolerances from 0.127 to 0.25 mm are readily obtained.  · Tolerances from 0.025 to 0.05 mm are slightly more difficult to obtain and will increase production costs.  · Tolerances 0.0127 mm or greater require good equipment and skilled operators and will add significantly to production costs. Even when the surface can be finished on the one machine, a smoother surface requirement will mean increased costs. The typical surface roughness obtained in turning is between 6.3 to 2.5 à ¬m. The machining time and hence the machining cost is inversely proportional to the square root of the surface finish. (Figure-15), shows the relationship between production cost and surface finish for a typical turning operation. 8. REFERENCES [1]Titlt Hammer – Steel City Founders http://tilthammer.com/bio/maud.htm [2] http://www.the-land-rover.com/WeldShop/MasterMachinist/Ch7.htm [3] J. V. Valentino and Joseph Goldenberg. Introduction to Computer Numerical Control (CNC). Third Edition. Pearson Education. [4] James Anderson and Earl E. Tatro. Shop Theory. Sixth edition. McGraw-Hill 1974 [5] http://www.welsoft.co.uk/machmill/hs410.htm [6] H Burghardt, A Axelrod & J Anderson, Machine Tool Operation, Part 1, ED McGraw Hill Book Company, 5th Edition [7] G. Sekhon & B Juneja, Fundamentals Of Metal Cutting and Machine Tools, Ed John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1987 [8] Krar, Oswald & St. Amand Machine Tool Operations, McGraw Hill, Inc. 1985 [9] A J Lissaman & S J Martin Principles of Engineering Manufacture, Ed Arnold, London 1996 [10] R Rapello, Essentials of Numerical Control, Ed Prentice Hall, New Jersey 1986 [11] G Boothroyd, Fundamentals of Metal Machining and Machine Tools, International Edition Ed. McGraw Hill Company, Singapore 1987 [12] R L Timings, Manufacturing Technology, Level 2, 2nd Edition. Ed Logman Technician Series, London 1984

Asian Inventors

Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, held each year during the month of May, celebrates Asian Pacific American cultures and heritage and recognizes the many contributions Asian Pacific Americans have made to this nation. An Wang An Wang (1920-1990), a Chinese-born American computer scientist, is best known for founding Wang Laboratories and holding over thirty-five patents including patent #2,708,722 for a magnetic pulse transfer controlling device which related to computer memory and was crucial to the development of digital information technology. Wang Laboratories was founded in 1951 and by 1989 employed 30,000 people and had $3 billion a year in sales, with such developments as desktop calculators and the first word processors. An Wang was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1988. Enrique Ostrea Doctor Enrique Ostrea received patent #5,015,589 and patent #5,185,267 for methods of testing infants for exposure to drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. Enrique Ostrea was born in the Philippines and immigrated to America in 1968. Ostrea continues to be honored for his contributions to pediatrics and neonatology. Tuan Vo-Dinh Tuan Vo-Dinh, who immigrated to the United States in 1975 from Vietnam, has received twenty-three patents mainly related to optical diagnostic equipment, including his first patents (#4,674,878 and #4,680,165) for badges that can be optically scanned to determine exposure to toxic chemicals. Vo-Dinh utilizes similar technology in patent #5,579,773 which is an optical method of cancer detection. Flossie Wong-Staal Flossie Wong-Staal, a Chinese-American scientist, is a leader in AIDS research. Working with a team that included Dr. Robert C. Gallo, she helped to discover the virus that causes AIDS and a related virus that causes cancer. She also did the first mapping of HIVs genes. Wong-Staal continues to work on a vaccine to prevent AIDS and treatments for those with AIDS. Her patents, which were granted with co-inventors, include patent #6,077,935 for a method of testing for AIDS.